Celebrating 100 Years of Faculty of Arts, Science, and University Library

Celebrating 100 Years of Faculty of Arts, Science, and University Library

CELEBRATING 100 YEARS

of

FACULTIES OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

ENGLISH 喾冟窉喽傕穭喽 喈む喈苦喁

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

On 21 January 2021, the 糖心原创 celebrated the centenary of its Faculties of Arts and Science. The origins of these faculties can be traced to Ceylon University College (CUC), established a century ago on this day, at which students could for the first time in the country, follow an education in the liberal arts and basic sciences at a formal institute of modern higher education. While earlier, in 1870, the 糖心原创鈥檚 pioneering role in higher education had begun with the establishment of the Colombo Medical College, the Ceylon University College began with 115 students and was affiliated to the University of London. It was the only tertiary level institution of higher education in the country from 1921 to 1942. Its inauguration by His Excellency Governor General Manning was at the iconic building known as 鈥淐ollege House鈥 at which later, in 1942, the first University of Ceylon (an amalgam of the Colombo Medical College and Ceylon University College) was established with Sir Ivor Jennings as its first Vice-Chancellor. 鈥淐ollege House鈥 is, therefore, perhaps the oldest surviving university building which has been in continuous use since 1921 for higher education in Sri Lanka.

The inaugural Council of the Ceylon University College was presided over by His Excellency the Governor-General of Ceylon with the Honorable Chief Justice and lead administrators in the fields of Health, Education, and Agriculture in attendance. The establishment of the university was due to the continued activism of an erudite group of Lankan visionaries who, since the late 19th century, firmly believed in a local institute of modern higher education to provide higher education in general, and more specifically for training undergraduates in the basic sciences for further medical studies and as professionals and teachers in Arts and the Sciences. No less a figure than Dr. CWW Kannangara, the visionary educationist, served on subsequent councils of the university.

Over the past century, the two mainstay Faculties of Arts and Science dedicated to the Humanities and Social Sciences, and Natural and Life Sciences respectively, have blossomed into vibrant learning environments.

The Faculty of Arts (which also gave rise to the Faculties of Law and Education as offshoots in 1968 and 1975 respectively) currently has 11 Departments, 3 Units, and 3 Centers including the Social Policy Analysis Research Center (SPARC), the Center for Multiculturalism and the Center for Disability Research Education and Practice (CEDREP). It currently offers 573 academic courses at the undergraduate level and has a total of 2458 undergraduate students of whom 341 (14%) are male and 2117 (86%) are female. Students currently enrolled for the four-year Honours Degree stand at 1143.

The Faculty has increasingly extended its scope beyond undergraduate education to include postgraduate studies and research in the humanities and social sciences. Its overall objectives in this regard are to offer local students the opportunity to obtain a postgraduate degree of high quality within the country, as well as to develop a rich social sciences and humanities research culture in Sri Lanka that can contribute to employability and overall national development. The Faculty鈥檚 postgraduate student population currently numbers nearly 1200 candidates, of which some are reading for an MPhil or Ph.D. degree. Twelve MA degree programs (both 1-year and 2-year degrees) are offered in Buddhist Studies, Demography, Economics, English Studies, International Relations, Sinhala, and Sociology. The Faculty also offers 6 Postgraduate Diploma programs, as well as a number of Certificate Courses which also target the broader community.

Overseas Linkages and Research Projects

In recognition of global developments in education, the Faculty of Arts has several linkages with renowned international universities under which collaborative faculty and student exchange programs and joint conferences take place. In recognition of China鈥檚 growing global importance and its historical links with Sri Lanka, the Faculty also offers university-level courses in Chinese Studies (including language proficiency) through the Confucius Institute established in 2016. It also has several MoUs with overseas universities, including the University of Zurich (Switzerland); Technical University Dresden, Justus Liebig University and the University of Heidelberg (Germany); University of Ljubljana (Slovenia); University of Uppsala (Sweden); University of Warsaw (Poland); university of Queensland (Australia) and Beijing Foreign Studies University (China).

Engaging with collaborative research projects at an international level has been a priority for the Faculty鈥檚 scholars. While these have included prestigious grants such as EU Erasmus+ funding, they are located across a range of overseas universities, such as the Universities of Durham, Huddersfield, Central Lancashire (UK); the University of Lausanne (Switzerland); University of Zurich (Switzerland); Lund University, and University of Uppsala (Sweden).

Contributions to national development

The Faculty has contributed in numerous ways to national development. Individual scholars as well as departments offer their expertise to a range of government departments, including the Department of Official Languages, the Dept of Cultural Affairs, the Sinhala Dictionary Office, the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, the Oriental Studies Society and the Department of Examinations.

The Science Faculty began with the establishment of the Ceylon University College, offering courses which led to the University of London鈥檚 examinations in Science (intermediate and final level) and the First-Year Medical examination in pure Science. Prof. A.W. Mylvaganam, then Professor of Physics, was its first Dean, and classes were conducted in both government technical schools and College House. By 1936 its student intake had increased to more than 560. Although a section of the University of Ceylon moved to Peradeniya in 1949, the Science Faculty remained in Colombo. It introduced many innovative courses including its first course in computer programming in 1967. It thereafter established a Statistics Unit in 1968 and inaugurated a Computer Center in 1980 which eventually led to the formation of the 糖心原创 School of Computing in 2002.

The Faculty of Science at the 糖心原创 is one of the most sought-after faculties of Science in the country today, with 7 departments and an annual intake which exceeds 650 students. It offers a B.Sc. degree in a wide range of subjects relevant to today鈥檚 context, with 75% of the students reading for a 4-year Honours degree program with a focus either on research or industry. It also has over 400 postgraduate students who are currently enrolled in its various Masters and Doctoral level degree programs. All of its departments have strong international linkages to renowned universities or scientific research institutes overseas, and many of its departments have close industry partnerships. Considering the current day advancements in science, technology and innovation, where a rapid convergence of technologies related to the digital, physical and biological worlds is taking place, the Faculty of Science has actively facilitated interdisciplinary research in the fields of biotechnology, environmental sciences, nanotechnology and high-performance computing; and strives to provide state-of-the-art research facilities to further improve the global presence of the institution.

The following centers in the Faculty are part of this consortium: Centre for Analytical Research and Development, Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices, Research and Development Centre for Mathematical Modelling, Center for Instrumentation Development and Center for Data Science. The Colombo Science and Technology Cell bridges the gap, moreover, between industry and academia by promoting and serving the manufacturing and service industries as well as agriculture in Sri Lanka through research, development, innovation, scientific services and knowledge and technology transfer.

喽撪董喾掄穭喾忇穬喾掄稓 喽脆穬喾斷抖喾掄陡

2021 喽⑧侗喾喾忇痘喾 21 喾喽 喽窉喽 喽氞窚喾呧豆 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 喾冟窉喽 喾佮窂喾冟穵喽穵鈥嵿痘 喾勦窂 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗喽编穵喾勦窉 喾佮董 喾冟秱喾喽穵喾冟痘喽 喾冟陡喽秽逗喾. 喽膏窓喽 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗喽编穵喾勦窉 喽膏窎喽洁窂喽秽陡喾娻斗喽 喾冟窉喽窋 喾喾栢逗喾 喾佮董喾喽秽穵喾傕逗喽氞锭 喽脆窓喽 喽呧动 喾喾愢侗喾 喽窉喽编逗喽 喽嗋痘喽膏穵喽 喽氞痘喽 喽洁动 喾冟窉喽洁窛喽编穵 喽亨窋喽编窉喾喽秽穵喾冟窉喽о窉 喽氞窚喽洁窊喽⑧窉喽 (CUC) 喽膏稖喾掄侗喾. 喽戉穭喾 喽窊 喽呧洞 喽秽锭 喽窋喾 喽窊 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喽陡 喾喽秽锭 喽氞督喾 喾勦窂 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇穩 喽脆窉喾呧窉喽多冻 喽编穩喾撪侗 喾喾掄栋喾掄陡喽穵 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽 喽嗋逗喽侗喽亨稓喾掄侗喾 喽嬥穬喾冟穵 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽编逗 喽洁窅喽多窊喽膏窔 喽呧穩喾冟穵喽窂喾 喾冟窉喾冟窋喽编穵喽 喽嬥动喾忇穩喾掄逗. 喽娻锭 喽脆窓喽, 喽戉侗喽膏穵 1870 喽窊 喽嬥穬喾冟穵 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽编逗 喾冟陡喾娻抖喽编穵喽 喽氞窚喾呧豆 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽亨窔 喽脆窋喽秽窛喽溹窂喽膏窊 喽氞窂喽秽穵喽亨斗喾忇痘喽 喽氞窚喾呧豆 喾喾涏动喾娾嵿逗 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 喽脆窉喾勦窉喽о窋喾喾撪陡喽穵 喾冟陡喽 喽嗋痘喽膏穵喽 喾喾 喽窉喽多窉喽窉. 喾冟窉喾冟窋喽编穵 115 喽窓喽编窓喽氞窋喽溹窓喽编穵 喽嗋痘喽膏穵喽 喾喾 喽洁秱喽氞窂 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 喽洁侗喾娻订喽编穵 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽亨锭 喽呧侗喾斷抖喽穵喽 喽氞痘喽 喽洁动喾. 1921 喾冟窉喽 1942 喽稓喾娻穩喾 喽窉喾喽亨窉喽编窔 喽脆窅喾喽窉 喽戉稓喽 喽窐喽窊喽 喽膏锭喾娻锭喽膏窔 喽嬥穬喾冟穵 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽 喽嗋逗喽侗喽 喽膏窓喽 喾喾掄逗. 喽呧董喾掄稖喽秽窋 喽嗋东喾娻订喾斷稓喾忇痘 喽⑧窓喽编痘喾忇督喾 喽膏窅喽编窉喽 喾喾掄穬喾掄侗喾 喽戉穭喾 喾冟陡喾忇痘喽膏穵喽粪逗 喾冟侗喾掄锭喾斷穭喽编穵 喽氞痘喽编窋 喽洁窅喽多窋喾喾 鈥樴穩喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喽膏侗喾娻动喾掄痘喽衡 (College House) 喽编陡喾掄侗喾 喾勦窅喽赤窉喽编穵喾喾權侗 喾冟窋喾喾掄穪喾氞穫喾 喽溹窚喽┼侗喾愢稖喾掄督喾娻督喾權穭喾掄逗. 喽脆穬喾斷穩 1942 喽窊 喽洁秱喽氞窂喾喾 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喽陡 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喽氞窚喾呧豆 喾喾涏动喾娾嵿逗 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽亨窔 喾冟穭 喽洁秱喽氞窂 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽亨窔 喽戉稓喽窋喾喾權侗喾) 喽嗋痘喽膏穵喽 喽氞痘喽 喽洁动 喽呧董喽 喽戉穭喾 喽脆穮喽膏窋 喽嬥洞喽氞窋喽洁洞喽窉喾喽秽逗喾 喽洁窓喾 喾佮穵鈥嵿痘喾撪陡喽穵 喽呧逗喾掄穩喽秽穵 喽⑧窓喽编窉喽傕穬喾 喽脆董喾娻穩喾掄逗. 喽戉抖喾愢穩喾掄侗喾 鈥溹穩喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喽膏侗喾娻动喾掄痘喽衡 喽亨侗喾 喽窅喽编锭 喽呧洞 喽秽锭 喽窋喾 喽夃董喾掄痘喾掄穩 喽囙董喾 喽脆窅喽秽东喾掄董喽 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喽溹窚喽┼侗喾愢稖喾掄督喾娻督 喾喾掄逗 喾勦窅喽氞窉 喽呧董喽 喽戉逗 喾佮穵鈥嵿痘喾 喽洁秱喽氞窂喾喾 喽嬥穬喾冟穵 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽编逗 喾冟冻喾勦窂 1921 喾冟窉喽 喽呧稕喽穵喽┼穩 喽粪窂喾喾掄董 喾喾.

喽溹痘喾 喽呧稖喾娾嵿痘 喾喾掄侗喾掄穪喾娻稜喽亨稓喾忇痘喾喽秽逗喾 喾冟穭 喾冟窞喽涏穵鈥嵿逗, 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽 喾勦窂 喽氞窐喾傕窉喽氞窂喽秽穵喽膏窉喽 喽亨侗 喽氞穵喾傕窔喽穵鈥嵿痘喾喽 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喽班窂喽 喽脆痘喾掄洞喾忇督喽氞逗喾掄侗喾 喾冟穭喽粪窂喽溹窊 喾喾 喾冟窉喽洁窛喽编穵 喽亨窋喽编窉喾喽秽穵喾冟窉喽о窉 喽氞窚喽洁窉喽⑧窉喽亨窔 喾冟陡喾忇痘喽膏穵喽粪稓 喽脆窂喽洁稓 喾冟斗喾忇穩喾 喽膏窋喽洁穬喾斷侗 喾勦窚喽多穩喽 喽洁动喾娻动喾 喽呧董喾掄稖喽秽窋 喽洁秱喽氞窂 喽嗋东喾娻订喾斷稓喾忇痘喽窋喽膏侗喾 喾喾掄穬喾掄侗喾. 19 喾喽 喾佮董喾喽秽穵喾傕逗喾 喽呧稖 喽粪窂喽溹逗喾 喾冟窉喽 喽脆窚喽窋喽犩窔 喾冟窉喽亨督喾娻督喽编穵喽о陡 喽嬥穬喾冟穵 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽编逗 喽洁抖喾 喽窊喽 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喾冟穭 喾喾掄穪喾氞穫喽亨窓喽编穵 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇痘喾娻懂喾撪侗喾 喾喾愢订喾掄动喾斷痘 喾喾涏动喾娾嵿逗 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽编逗 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喽膏窎喽洁窉喽 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽脆窋喾勦窋喽窋 喽氞窉喽秽窊喽膏锭 喾勦窂 喽氞督喾 喾勦窂 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽脆窉喾呧窉喽多冻 喾喾樴董喾娻董喾掄稓喽亨侗喾 喾冟穭 喽溹窋喽秽窋喾喽秽窋喽编穵 喽洁窓喾 喽脆窋喾勦窋喽窋 喽氞窉喽秽窊喽 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喾喾 喽窔喾佮窊喽 喽嬥穬喾冟穵 喽嬥穬喾冟穵 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽 喽嗋逗喽侗喽亨稓喾 喽氞窓喽秽窓喾勦窉 喽窅喽┼窉 喽洁窓喾 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩喾忇穬 喽氞穮 喽窎喽秽动喽秽穵喾佮窊 喽洁窂喽傕稓喾掄稓喽亨侗喾 喽氞东喾娻订喾忇逗喽膏稓 喽呧稕喽穵喽 喽氞穵鈥嵿痘喾掄逗喾忇稓喾忇痘喾掄董喾娻穩喽 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 喽脆窉喾勦窉喽о窋喾喾撪陡喽 喾勦窔喽窋 喾喾掄逗. 喽窎喽秽动喽秽穵喾佮窊 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽编顶 喽嗋稜喾忇痘喾娻逗 喾冟窊.喽┼抖喾娻督喾掄穩喾.喽┼抖喾娻督喾掄穩喾. 喽氞侗喾娻侗喽编穵喽溹痘 喽膏窅喽窉喽窋喽膏窂 喽 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽亨窔 喽脆穬喾斷稓喾忇督喾撪侗 喽脆窂喽洁稓 喾冟斗喾忇穩喽 喽氞锭喽亨窋喽窋 喽氞穮喾氞逗.

喽脆穬喾斷稖喾掄逗 喾佮董喾喽秽穵喾傕逗 喽窋喾, 喽膏窂喽编穩 喾佮窂喾冟穵喽穵鈥嵿痘 喾勦窂 喾冟陡喾忇盯喾撪逗 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喾冟穭 喾冟穵喾喾忇斗喾忇穩喾掄稓 喾勦窂 喽⑧窊喾 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喽脆窉喾呧窉喾喾權督喾掄侗喾 喾喾權侗喾 喾喾 喾佮窂喾冟穵喽穵鈥嵿痘 喾勦窂 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗喽编穵 喽窓喽 喾喾掄稜喾掄董喾娾嵿痘喾喽穵 喽夃稖喾權侗喾斷陡喾 喽脆痘喾掄穬喽秽逗喽编穵 喽多穩喽 喽脆董喾娻穩 喽脆督喽多痘喾喾 喽囙董.

喾佮窂喾冟穵喽穵鈥嵿痘 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗 (喽脆窉喾呧窉喾喾權督喾掄侗喾 1968 喾冟穭 1975 喽窊 喽编窊喽窉 喾勦窂 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽 喽脆窊喽 喽膏窓喾勦窉 喾佮窂喽涏窂 喽洁窓喾 喽嗋痘喽膏穵喽 喾喾掄逗) 喽膏窔 喾喽 喾喾掄锭 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗 喽呧秱喾 11 喽氞穵, 喽掄稓喽 3 喽氞穵 喾冟穭 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喾冟穵喽窂喽 3 喽氞窉喽编穵 喾冟陡喽编穵喾喾掄董 喾喾. 喾冟陡喾忇盯 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喽窉喽脆董喾娻董喾 喾喾掄穪喾娻督喾氞穫喽 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喾冟穵喽窂喽编逗 (SPARC), 喽多穭喾 喾冟秱喾冟穵喽氞窐喽窉喽 喽氞窔喽编穵喽穵鈥嵿痘喽 喾冟穭 喽嗋抖喾忇栋喾掄稓喽穵喾 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽, 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽编逗 喾勦窂 喽粪窂喾喾掄董喽 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喾喾 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喾冟穵喽窂喽编逗 (CEDREP) 喽 喽膏窊喽 喽呧逗喽穵 喾喾. 喽膏窓喽膏稖喾掄侗喾 喾喽秽穵喽陡喾忇侗喽亨窔喽窊 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇痘喾娻懂喾掄侗喾 喽嬥动喾權穬喾 喽脆窂喽ㄠ陡喾忇督喾 573 喽氞穵 喽脆窉喽秽窉喽编陡喽编窋 喽洁窅喽多窔. 喽膏窔 喾喽编穩喾掄锭 喽夃稖喾權侗喾斷陡 喽洁抖喽膏窉喽编穵 喾冟窉喽о窉喽 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇痘喾娻懂喾撪侗喾 喾冟秱喽涏穵鈥嵿逗喾忇穩 2458 喽氞窉. 喽夃侗喾 341 喽窓喽编窓喽氞穵 (14%) 喽脆窉喽秽窉喽膏窉喽编穵 喾喽 喽呧董喽 2117 喽窓喽编窓喽氞穵 (86%) 喽氞窂喽编穵喽窂喾喾 喾喾權董喾. 喾冟窉喾喾 喽呧穩喾斷痘喾斷动喾 喽溹窞喽秽穩 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾掄逗 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喽窅喽编锭 喽多冻喾喾忇稖喾權侗 喽囙董喾 喾冟窉喾冟窋喽编穵 喾冟秱喽涏穵鈥嵿逗喾忇穩 1143 喽氞窉.

喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喽陡 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽编逗 喽洁抖喾 喽窊喽膏锭 喾冟窊喽膏窂 喽编窚喾喾 喽膏窂喽编穩 喾佮窂喾冟穵喽穵鈥嵿痘 喾勦窂 喾冟陡喾忇盯 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇穩喽编穵喾勦窉 喽脆穪喾娻稜喾忇董喾 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗 喾冟穭 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽动 喽囙董喾斷穮喽穵 喽氞窉喽秽窊喽 喽膏稖喾掄侗喾 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗 喾冟窉喽 喾喾掄穫喽 喽脆懂喽 喾喽┼穩喽┼窂喽穵 喽脆窐喽窋喽 喽督喽亨锭 喽编秱喾喾 喽囙董. 喽膏窔 喾冟陡喾娻抖喽编穵喽班逗喾權侗喾 喽戉穭喾 喾冟陡喾冟穵喽 喽呧痘喽膏窋喽窋 喾喽编窋喽亨窔 喽窔喾佮窊喽 喾冟窉喾冟窋喽编穵喽 喽窉喾喽亨窉喽 喽窋喾呧动喾撪陡 喽嬥穬喾冟穵 喽溹窋喽董喾娻穩喽亨稓喾掄侗喾 喽亨窋喽窋 喽脆穪喾娻稜喾忇董喾 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾掄逗喽氞穵 喽洁抖喾 喽溹窅喽编窊喽膏锭 喽呧穩喾冟穵喽窂喾 喽洁抖喾 喽窊喽 喾冟穭 喾佮穵鈥嵿痘喾 喽洁秱喽氞窂喾 喽窋喾 喽秽窅喽氞窉喽亨窂 喽编窉喽亨窋喽氞穵喽窉喽亨锭 喾勦窂 喾冟陡喾冟穵喽 喽⑧窂喽窉喽 喾冟秱喾喽秽穵喽班侗喽亨锭 喽窂喽亨稓 喾喾掄逗 喾勦窅喽氞窉 喽膏锭喾娻锭喽膏窓喾勦窉 喽脆窚喾勦窚喾冟董喾 喾冟陡喾忇盯 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喾勦窂 喽膏窂喽编穩 喾佮窂喾冟穵喽穵鈥嵿痘 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽 喾冟秱喾冟穵喽氞窐喽窉喽亨稓喾 喾喽秽穵喽班侗喽 喽氞窉喽秽窊喽膏逗喾. 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗喾 喽脆穪喾娻稜喾忇董喾 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾 喾佮窉喾傕穵鈥嵿逗 喽溹穭喽编逗 喽窅喽编锭 喽呧洞喾氞稓喾娻穫喽氞逗喾掄侗喾 1200 喽氞锭 喽嗋穬喽编穵喽 喾冟秱喽涏穵鈥嵿逗喾忇穩喽氞穵 喾冟窉喽о窉喽 喽呧董喽 喽斷穩喾斷侗喾娻稖喾權侗喾 喾冟陡喾勦痘喾 喽痘喾娻穪喽编洞喽窉 喾勦窛 喽痘喾娻穪喽编穬喾栢痘喾 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾掄逗 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喽夃稖喾權侗喾斷陡 喽洁抖喽窉. 喽多窞喽穵喽 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗, 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喽⑧窂 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇穩, 喽嗋痘喾娻懂喾掄稓 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇穩, 喽夃秱喽溹穵鈥嵿痘喾撪穬喾 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗喽, 喽⑧窂喽穵鈥嵿逗喽编穵喽痘 喾冟抖喽赤董喾, 喾冟窉喽傕穭喽 喾冟穭 喾冟陡喾忇盯 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇穩 喽亨侗 喾喾掄穫喽亨逗喽编穵 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喾佮窂喾冟穵喽穵鈥嵿痘喽脆董喾 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾 喽脆窂喽ㄠ陡喾忇督喾 12 喽氞穵 (喽戉稓喾 喽呧穩喾斷痘喾斷动喾 喾冟穭 喽窇喾喾斷痘喾斷动喾) 喽脆窉喽秽窉喽编陡喽编窋 喽洁窅喽多窔. 喽膏窓喽 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗 喾喾掄穬喾掄侗喾 喽脆穪喾娻稜喾忇董喾 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾 喽┼窉喽脆穵喽洁窛喽膏窂 喾喾愢订喾冟锭喾勦侗喾 6 喽氞穵 喽膏窓喽编穵喽 喽脆窋喾呧窋喽洁穵 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喽⑧窂喾 喽夃督喽氞穵喽 喽氞痘喽溹董喾 喾冟穭喽窉喽 喽脆窂喽ㄠ陡喾忇督喾 喽溹东喽编窂喾喽氞穵 喽 喽夃动喾掄痘喾掄洞喽穵 喽氞窓喽秽窓喽亨窉.

喾喾掄动喾氞穪 喾冟陡喾娻抖喽编穵喽班董喾 喾冟穭 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽 喾喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喾樴董喾

喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽编逗喾 喽溹窛喽洁窊喽 喾喽秽穵喽班侗喽亨侗喾 喽囙稖喽亨窊喽 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喾佮窂喾冟穵喽穵鈥嵿痘 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗喽 喾冟窋喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喾冟窉喽穵喽 喽⑧窂喽穵鈥嵿逗喽编穵喽痘 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喾冟陡喽 喾冟陡喾娻抖喽编穵喽班董喾 喽氞窉喾勦窉喽脆逗喽氞穵 喽囙董喾 喽呧董喽 喽 喽亨锭喽窔 喽脆窊喽 喾冟穭喽亨窛喽溹窉喽窂 喾勦窂 喾佮窉喾傕穵鈥嵿逗 喾勦窋喾喽膏窂喽秽窋 喾喾愢订喾冟锭喾勦侗喾 喾冟穭 喽掄稓喾忇抖喽穵喽 喾冟陡喾娻陡喽编穵喽穵鈥嵿痘喽 喽脆窅喾喾愢董喾娻穩喾. 喽犩窊喽编逗喾 喾喽秽穵喽班侗喽 喾喾權陡喾掄侗喾 喽脆穩喽窉喽 喽溹窛喽洁窊喽 喾喾愢动喽溹董喾娻稓喽 喾冟穭 喾佮穵鈥嵿痘喾 喽洁秱喽氞窂喾 喾冟陡喽 喽脆穩喽窉喽 喽撪董喾掄穭喾忇穬喾掄稓 喾冟陡喾娻抖喽编穵喽班董喾 喽呧稖喽亨陡喾掄侗喾, 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗 喾喾掄穬喾掄侗喾 2016 喽窊 喽脆窉喾勦窉喽о窋喾喽 喽洁动 喽氞窚喽编穵喾嗋窉喽亨窋喾冟窉喽亨穬喾 喽嗋逗喽侗喽 喾勦痘喾勦窂 喽犩窊喽 喽粪窂喾傕窂 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗喽 (喽粪窂喾傕窂 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喾喾撪东喽窂喾 喽囙董喾斷穮喾斷穩) 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喽膏锭喾娻锭喽膏窔 喽脆窂喽ㄠ陡喾忇督喾 喽 喽夃动喾掄痘喾掄洞喽穵 喽氞痘喽亨窉. 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗 喾勦窂 喾冟窎喽秽窉喽犩穵 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喾冟穵喾喾掄锭喾娻穬喽秽穵喽洁侗喾娻董喽); 喽┼穵鈥嵿痘喾權穬喾娻订喽编穵 喽窂喽氞穵喾傕东喾掄稓 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽, 喽⑧穬喾娻锭喾冟穵 喽洁窉喽多窉喽溹穵 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 喾冟穭 喾勦逗喾掄订喾權督喾娻抖喽秽穵喽溹穵 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喽⑧痘喾娻陡喽编窉喽); 喽洁窋喽多穵喽洁窂喽编窂 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喾冟穵喽洁窚喾喾氞侗喾掄逗喾忇穩); 喽嬥洞喾娻穬喽洁窂 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喾冟穵喾喾撪订喽编逗); 喾喾澿痘喾娻穬喾 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喽脆窛喽洁侗喾娻董喽); 喽氞穵喾喾撪侗喾娻穬喾娻督喽编穵喽 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喽曕穬喾娻锭喾娾嵿痘喾氞督喾掄逗喾忇穩) 喾冟穭 喽多窊喽⑧窉喽 喾喾掄动喾氞穪 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喽犩窊喽编逗) 喽亨侗 喾喾掄动喾氞穪喾撪逗 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喽呧董喽 喽呧穩喽多窛喽班董喾 喽溹窉喾喾掄穬喾斷陡喾 喽氞窉喾勦窉喽脆逗喽氞穵 喽 喽囙董.

喽⑧窂喽穵鈥嵿逗喽编穵喽痘 喽膏锭喾娻锭喽膏窉喽编穵 喾冟穭喽亨窛喽溹窉喽窂 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽 喾喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喾樴董喾 喾冟陡喽 喾冟陡喾娻抖喽编穵喽 喾喾撪陡 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗喾 喾喾掄动喾娻穩喽窋喽编穵喽溹窔 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喽膏窋喽涏董喾忇穩喽亨稓喾. 喽膏窔喾喾忇锭 喽亨窋喽秽窛喽脆窂 喾冟秱喽溹陡喽亨窔 喽夃痘喾愢穬喾娻陡喾冟穵 + 喽呧痘喽膏窋喽督喾 喾喾愢侗喾 喽氞窊喽秽穵喽窉喽膏董喾 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喽窂喽编逗喽编穵 喽囙董喾斷穮喽穵 喾喽 喽呧董喽 喽掄穩喾 喽┼痘喾娻穭喾愢陡喾, 喾勦订喽秽穵喾冟穵喾嗋窊喽洁穵喽┼穵, 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喽 喽洁窅喽编穵喽氞穫喽亨痘喾 (喽戉稓喾娻穬喽穵 喽秽窂喽⑧栋喾忇侗喾掄逗) , 喽洁窋喾冟窂喽编穵 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喾冟穵喾喾掄锭喾娻穬喽秽穵喽洁侗喾娻董喽); 喾冟窎喽秽窉喽犩穵 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喾冟穵喾喾掄锭喾娻穬喽秽穵喽洁侗喾娻董喽); 喽洁窋喽编穵喽┼穵 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 喾冟穭 喽嬥洞喾娻穬喽洁窂 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽 (喾冟穵喾喾撪订喽编逗) 喾喾愢侗喾 喾喾掄动喾氞穪喾撪逗 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喽溹东喽编窂喾喽 喽脆窅喽窉喽 喽脆穩喽窉喽亨窉.

喽⑧窂喽窉喽 喾冟秱喾喽秽穵喽班侗喽亨锭 喽窂喽亨稓 喾喾撪陡

喽⑧窂喽窉喽 喾冟秱喾喽秽穵喽班侗喽 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗 喾喾掄穩喾掄栋 喽嗋稓喾忇痘喾喽洁窉喽编穵 喽窂喽亨稓 喾喾 喽囙董. 喽秽窂喽⑧穵鈥嵿逗 喽粪窂喾傕窂 喽窓喽脆窂喽秽穵喽陡喾氞侗喾娻董喾斷穩, 喾冟秱喾冟穵喽氞窐喽窉喽 喽氞锭喽亨窋喽窋 喽窓喽脆窂喽秽穵喽陡喾氞侗喾娻董喾斷穩, 喾冟窉喽傕穭喽 喾佮抖喾娻动喽氞窛喾 喽氞窂喽秽穵喽亨窂喽洁逗, 喾冟秱喾冟穵喽氞窐喽窉喽 喽氞锭喽亨窋喽窋 喽呧陡喾忇董喾娾嵿逗喾忇秱喾佮逗, 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喾忇稜喾撪侗 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗 喾冟秱喽溹陡喽 喾冟穭 喾喾掄斗喾忇稖 喽窓喽脆窂喽秽穵喽陡喾氞侗喾娻董喾斷穩 喽囙董喾斷穮喾 喽秽盯喽亨窔 喽窓喽脆窂喽秽穵喽陡喾氞侗喾娻董喾 喽溹东喽编窂喾喽氞锭 喾喾掄穩喾掄栋 喾喾掄动喾娻穩喽穵喾勦窋 喽侗喾 喽侗喾掄穩 喽膏窓喽编穵喽 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗 喽呧秱喾佮逗喽编穵 喽洁窓喾 喽 喾冟窉喽 喾喾掄穪喾氞穫喽 喽窅喽编窋喽 喽洁抖喾 喽窓喽窉.

喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗 喽嗋痘喽膏穵喽 喾喾栢逗喾 喽洁侗喾娻订喽编穵 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽亨窓喾勦窉 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇穩 喽脆窉喾呧窉喽多冻 喾喾掄斗喾忇稖 (喽呧侗喾娻董喽秽穵喽膏窂喽班穵鈥嵿逗 喾勦窂 喽呧穩喾冟窂喽 喽膏锭喾娻锭喽) 喾冟穭 喾佮窋喽穵喽 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽脆窉喾呧窉喽多冻 喽脆穮喽膏窋 喾喾冟痘喾 喾喾涏动喾娾嵿逗 喽脆痘喾撪稓喾娻穫喽逗 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喽脆窂喽ㄠ陡喾忇督喾 喽脆窉喽秽窉喽编窅喽膏窊喽 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喾冟窉喽洁窛喽编穵 喽亨窋喽编窉喾喽秽穵喾冟窉喽о窉 喽氞窚喽洁窊喽⑧窉喽 喽脆窉喾勦窉喽о窋喾喾撪陡喾權侗喾. 喽戉穩喽氞锭 喽粪窞喽窉喽 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇穩 喽脆窉喾呧窉喽多冻 喽膏穭喾忇稜喾忇痘喾娻逗喾喽秽逗喾 喾喾 喽.喽┼抖喾. 喽膏逗喾掄督喾娻穩喾忇稖喽编陡喾 喽戉穭喾 喽脆穮喽膏窋 喽脆窊喽ㄠ窂喽班窉喽脆董喾掄穩喽秽逗喾 喾喾 喽呧董喽 喽秽盯喽亨窔 喽氞窂喽秽穵喽膏窉喽 喽脆窂喾冟督喾娻穩喽 喾冟穭 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喽膏侗喾娻动喾掄痘喽亨窔 喽脆侗喾娻董喾 喽脆穩喽穵喾喽 喽洁动喾. 1936 喾喽 喾喾掄锭 喽娻锭 喽多冻喾喾 喽溹窅喽编窋喽编窋 喾佮窉喾傕穵鈥嵿逗 喾冟秱喽涏穵鈥嵿逗喾忇穩 560 喽夃稓喾娻陡喾喾撪逗.

喽洁秱喽氞窂 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽亨窔 喽氞窚喽о穬喽氞穵 1949 喽窊 喽脆窔喽秽窂喽窓喽窉喽亨锭 喽溹窓喽 喽溹窉喽 喽 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗 喽穩喽窋喽秽锭喽穵 喽氞窚喾呧豆 喽脆穩喽穵喾喾 喽溹侗喾娻侗喾 喽洁动喾. 喽戉陡喽溹窉喽编穵 1967 喽窊 喽脆痘喾掄稖喽稓 喾喾愢订喾冟锭喾勦侗喾 喽脆窉喾呧窉喽多冻 喽脆穮喽膏窋 喽脆窂喽ㄠ陡喾忇督喾忇穩 喽囙董喾斷穮喾 喽编穩喾娾嵿逗 喽脆窂喽ㄠ陡喾忇督喾 喽秽窅喾冟稓喾 喾勦冻喾斷侗喾娻穩喾 喽窓喽 喽洁动喾. 喽夃侗喾娻洞喾冟窋 1968 喽窊 喾冟秱喽涏穵鈥嵿逗喾忇侗 喽掄稓喽氞逗喽氞穵 喽脆窉喾勦窉喽о窋喾喽 喽洁动 喽呧董喽 1980 喽窊 喽脆痘喾掄稖喽稓 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喾冟穵喽窂喽编逗喽氞穵 喽嗋痘喽膏穵喽 喾喾掄逗. 喽呧穩喾冟窂喽编逗喾氞动喾 2002 喽窊 喽氞窚喾呧豆 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽亨窔 喽脆痘喾掄稖喽稓 喽脆窂喾冟督 喽嗋痘喽膏穵喽 喽氞窉喽秽窊喽膏锭 喽膏窎喽洁窉喽 喾喾栢逗喾 喽戉逗喽亨窉.

喽氞窚喾呧豆 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督喽亨窔 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗 喽膏窔 喾喽 喾喾掄锭 喽秽锭喾 喽夃穭喾呧陡 喽夃督喾娻督喾斷陡喽氞穵 喾冟穭喾掄董 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗喽氞穵 喾喽 喽呧董喽 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗 喽呧秱喾 7 喽氞穵 喽膏稖喾掄侗喾 喾冟窉喾冟窋喽编穵 650 喽夃稓喾娻陡喾喽 喾喾忇痘喾娻穫喾掄稓 喽多冻喾喾 喽溹窅喽编窊喽膏穵 喾冟秱喽涏穵鈥嵿逗喾忇穩喽氞穵 喾冟窉喽窋 喽氞痘喽亨窉. 喽戉陡喽溹窉喽编穵 喾喽秽穵喽陡喾忇侗 喾冟侗喾娻动喽秽穵喽粪逗喽 喽呧动喾忇穮 喽脆窋喾呧窋喽洁穵 喽脆痘喾忇穬喽亨稓 喾喾掄穫喽亨逗喽编穵 喽脆窉喾呧窉喽多冻 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇穩喾氞动喾 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾 喽脆窉喽秽窉喽编陡喽编窋 喽洁窅喽多窔. 喽 喽呧董喽秽窉喽编穵 75% 喽氞穵 喾冟窉喾冟窋喾勦窋 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽 喾勦窛 喽氞痘喾娻陡喾忇侗喾娻董 喽膏窎喽洁窉喽 喽氞痘喽溹董喾 喾冟窉喾喾 喽呧穩喾斷痘喾斷动喾 喽溹窞喽秽穩 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾 喽脆窂喽ㄠ陡喾忇督喾 喾勦动喾忇痘喽窉. 喽戉穭喾 喾喾掄穩喾掄栋 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇洞喽窉 喾勦窂 喽嗋稜喾忇痘喾娻逗 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾 喽脆窂喽ㄠ陡喾忇督喾 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喽窅喽编锭 喽洁窉喽亨窂喽脆动喾掄秱喽犩窉 喾喾 喾冟窉喽о窉喽 喽脆穪喾娻稜喾忇董喾 喽嬥洞喾忇栋喾 喾冟窉喾冟窋喽编穵 喾冟秱喽涏穵鈥嵿逗喾忇穩 400 喽氞锭 喽呧栋喾掄稓喽. 喽戉穭喾 喾冟窉喽亨督喾斷陡 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗 喽呧秱喾佮穩喽洁锭 喾喾掄动喾氞穪喽亨侗喾娻穭喾 喽氞窊喽秽穵喽窉喽膏董喾 喾喾掄穪喾娻穩 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇督 喾勦窛 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇董喾娻陡喽 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽 喽嗋逗喽侗 喾冟陡喽 喾佮稓喾娻董喾掄陡喽穵 喽⑧窂喽穵鈥嵿逗喽编穵喽痘 喾冟陡喾娻抖喽编穵喽班董喾 喽脆穩喽窉喽 喽呧董喽 喽多窚喾勦窛 喽呧栋喾娾嵿逗喽亨侗 喽呧秱喾佮穩喽洁锭 喾冟陡喾撪洞 喽氞痘喾娻陡喾忇侗喾娻董 喾冟穭喽亨窛喽溹窉喽窂喾喽亨侗喾 喽囙董.

喽┼窉喽⑧窉喽о督喾, 喽粪窞喽窉喽 喾勦窂 喽⑧窊喾 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇董喾娻陡喽 喽洁窛喽氞穩喽洁锭 喽呧动喾忇穮 喽窂喽氞穵喾傕东喽亨侗喾 喾喾氞稖喽亨窓喽编穵 喽呧斗喾掄穬喽秽东喽 喾喾權陡喾掄侗喾 喽脆穩喽窉喽 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇穩, 喽窂喽氞穵鈥嵿穫喽逗 喾冟穭 喽编穩喾澿董喾娻洞喾忇动喽编逗喽编穵喾勦窉 喾喽秽穵喽陡喾忇侗 喽窉喽亨窋喽窋喾 喾冟窅喽洁稓喾掄督喾娻督喽 喽溹侗喾掄陡喾掄侗喾 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗 喽⑧窙喾 喽窂喽氞穵鈥嵿穫喽逗, 喽脆窂喽秽窉喾冟痘喾掄稓 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇穩, 喽编窅喽编窛 喽窂喽氞穵鈥嵿穫喽逗 喾冟穭 喽夃穭喾 喽氞窂喽秽穵喽亨穬喾忇栋喽 喽脆痘喾掄稖喽稓 喽亨侗 喽氞穵鈥嵿穫喾氞董喾娾嵿痘喽亨侗喾娻穭喾 喽呧侗喾娻董喽秽穵喾佮窉喽氞穵喾傕东 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喾冟稓喾娾嵿痘喾撪逗喾 喽脆穭喾冟窋喽氞陡喾 喾冟洞喽亨侗 喽呧董喽 喽嗋逗喽侗喽亨窓喾勦窉 喽溹窛喽洁窊喽 喽脆窅喾喾愢董喾娻陡 喽穩喽窋喽秽锭喽穵 喽穭喾喾斷痘喾 喽氞窉喽秽窊喽 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喽编穩喾撪侗喽陡 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽 喽脆穭喾冟窋喽氞陡喾 喾冟窅喽脆逗喾撪陡喽 喽脆痘喾掄穪喾娾嵿痘喽 喽痘喽亨窉.

喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗喾 喽脆穭喽 喾冟冻喾勦侗喾 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喾冟穵喽窂喽 喽膏窓喽 喾冟陡喾娻陡喾氞督喽编逗喾 喽氞窚喽о穬喽氞窉; 喾喾掄穪喾娻督喾氞穫喽 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽 喾勦窂 喾冟秱喾喽秽穵喽班侗 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喾冟穵喽窂喽编逗, 喽嬥穬喾冟穵 喽穵鈥嵿痘喾喾娾嵿逗 喾勦窂 喽嬥洞喾忇秱喽 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喾喽 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喾冟穵喽窂喽编逗, 喽溹东喾掄董喽膏逗 喽嗋稓喾樴董喾 喽编窉喽秽穵喽膏窂喽逗 喾冟冻喾勦窂 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽 喾勦窂 喾冟秱喾喽秽穵喽班侗 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喾冟穵喽窂喽编逗, 喾冟穵喾喽亨秱喽氞痘喽 喾冟秱喾喽秽穵喽班侗 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喾冟穵喽窂喽编逗 喾冟穭 喽董喾娻董 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喽膏栋喾娾嵿逗喾冟穵喽窂喽编逗. 喽脆窊喽ㄠ逗喾 喽嗋逗喽侗喽亨稓喾 喾喽 喽氞窚喾呧豆 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾 喾勦窂 喽窂喽氞穵喾傕东 喽氞窋喽о窉喽 喽脆痘喾娻逗喾氞穫喽, 喾冟秱喾喽秽穵喽班侗, 喽编穩喾澿董喾娻洞喾忇动喽, 喾喾掄动喾娾嵿逗喾忇董喾娻陡喽 喾冟窔喾喾 喾冟穭 喽窅喽编窋喽 喾勦窂 喽窂喽氞穵鈥嵿穫喽逗 喾冟陡喾娻洞喾娾嵿痘喾氞穫喽逗 喽窋喾呧窉喽编穵 喾佮穵鈥嵿痘喾 喽洁秱喽氞窂喾喾 喽编窉喾傕穵喽脆窂喽侗 喾勦窂 喾冟窔喾喾 喽氞痘喾娻陡喾忇侗喾娻董 喽膏窓喽编穵喽 喽氞窐喾傕窉喽氞痘喾娻陡喾忇侗喾娻董喽 喽脆穵鈥嵿痘喾喽秽穵喽班侗喽 喽氞窉喽秽窊喽 喾勦窂 喽娻锭 喾冟窔喾喽 喽氞窉喽秽窊喽 喽窋喾呧窉喽编穵 喽氞痘喾娻陡喾忇侗喾娻董喽 喾冟穭 喾佮窂喾冟穵喽穵鈥嵿痘喽 喽窅喽编窋喽 喽呧董喽 喽囙董喾 喽脆痘喽痘喽 喽脆窉喽亨穩喾撪陡喽 喽氞锭喽亨窋喽窋 喽氞痘喽亨窉.

喈掂喈侧喈编瘝喈编瘉喈瘝 喈喈┼瘝喈┼喈

喈曕瘖喈脆瘉喈瘝喈瘉喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈曕喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈瘈喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈┼瘝 喈ㄠ瘋喈编瘝喈编喈`瘝喈熰瘉 喈瘋喈班瘝喈む瘝喈む喈喈┼瘓 2021 喈溹喈掂喈 21 喈嗋喁 喈む喈曕喈苦喈┼瘝喈编瘉聽 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰喈熰喈喁. 喈囙喁嵿喈瘝 喈瘈喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈┼瘝 喈む瘚喈编瘝喈编喁, 喈囙喁 喈ㄠ喈赤喈侧瘝 喈掄喁 喈ㄠ瘋喈编瘝喈编喈`瘝喈熰瘉喈曕瘝喈曕瘉 喈瘉喈┼瘝喈┼喁 喈む喈喈曕瘝喈曕喁嵿喈熰瘝喈 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈 喈曕喁嵿喁傕喈苦喁佮疅喈┼瘝 喈む瘖喈熰喁嵿喁佮喈熰瘉喈曕喈┼瘝喈编喁, 喈呧喁嵿喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕畷喁 喈曕喁嵿喁傕喈 喈ㄠ喈熰瘝喈熰喈侧瘝 喈瘉喈む喁 喈む疅喈掂瘓喈喈 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁 喈む喈班喈赤喈距 喈曕喁堗畷喈赤瘝 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈呧疅喈苦喁嵿喈熰瘓 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈┼喁嵿喈苦喁 喈掄喁 喈夃喈班瘝 喈曕喁嵿喈苦喁堗喁 喈む瘖喈熰 喈呧喁佮喈む喈む瘝喈む喁. 喈呧喁囙喁囙喁 喈瘉喈┼瘝喈┼喈距畷, 1870 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喈苦喁, 喈曕瘖喈脆瘉喈瘝喈瘉喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁嵿喈苦喁 喈夃喈班瘝 喈曕喁嵿喈 喈む瘖喈熰喁嵿喈距 喈瘉喈┼瘝喈┼瘚喈熰 喈掂畷喈苦喈距畷喈瘝 喈曕瘖喈脆瘉喈瘝喈瘉 喈喁佮喁嵿喁佮喈曕瘝 喈曕喁嵿喁傕喈 喈む喈喈曕瘝喈曕喁嵿喈熰瘝喈熰喁佮疅喈┼瘝 喈む瘖喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈苦喈苦喁佮喁嵿喈む瘉. 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕畷喁 喈曕喁嵿喁傕喈 115 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁佮疅喈┼瘝 喈囙畽喁嵿畷喈苦喈距喁嵿喁佮喁 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁嵿喁佮疅喈┼瘝 喈囙喁堗畷喁嵿畷喈瘝喈疅喁嵿疅喈む瘉. 喈呧喁 1921 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喁 喈瘉喈む喁 1942 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喁 喈掂喁 喈ㄠ喈熰瘝喈熰喈侧瘝 喈囙喁佮喁嵿 喈掄喁囙喁嬥喁 喈夃喈班瘝 喈曕喁嵿喈苦喈苦喁 喈瘋喈┼瘝喈编喈瘝 喈ㄠ喈侧瘓喈曕瘝 喈曕喁嵿喈 喈ㄠ喈编瘉喈掂喈喈 喈喈む瘝喈む喈班喁 喈囙喁佮喁嵿喈む瘉. 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈呧畽喁嵿畷喁佮喈距喁嵿喈`喁, 喈呧喈 喈瘒喈む畷喁 喈嗋喁佮喈班瘝 喈ㄠ喈畷喈瘝 喈溹瘑喈┼喈侧瘝 喈喈苦畽喁 喈呧喈班瘝喈曕喈距喁 喈掂喈侧喈编瘝喈编瘉喈氞瘝 喈氞喈┼瘝喈┼喈距 鈥溹畷喁娻喈苦疁喁 喈曕喁佮喁嶁 喈庎喁嵿喁 喈呧喈苦喈瘝喈疅喁佮畷喈苦喁嵿 鈥溹畷喈侧瘝喈侧瘋喈班 喈喈赤喈曕瘓鈥 喈喈侧瘝 喈ㄠ喈曕喁嵿喁嵿喈瘝喈疅喁嵿疅喈む瘉, 喈呧畷喁嵿畷喈熰瘝喈熰喈熰喁嵿喈苦喁, 1942 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喈苦喁, 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈喈┼瘝 喈瘉喈む喈距喈む瘉 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 (喈曕瘖喈脆瘉喈瘝喈瘉 喈喁佮喁嵿喁佮喈曕瘝 喈曕喁嵿喁傕喈 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈 喈曕喁嵿喁傕喈 喈庎喁嵿喈 喈囙喁堗畷喁嵿畷喈瘝喈疅喁嵿疅喁 喈呧喁堗畷喁嵿畷喈瘝喈疅喁嵿疅喈む瘉) 喈氞瘒喈班瘝 喈愢喁娻喁 喈溹瘑喈┼喈權瘝喈曕瘝喈膏瘝 喈呧喈班瘝喈曕喁 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈瘉喈む喈距喈む瘉 喈む瘉喈`瘓喈掂瘒喈ㄠ瘝喈む喁 喈嗋畷 喈ㄠ喈喈苦喁嵿喁佮喁 喈む喈喈曕瘝喈曕喁嵿喈熰瘝喈熰喁. 喈嗋喈侧喈侧瘝, 鈥溹畷喈侧瘝喈侧瘋喈班 喈喈赤喈曕瘓鈥 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈喈侧瘝 喈夃喈班瘝 喈曕喁嵿喈苦畷喁嵿畷喈距畷 1921 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喈苦喁 喈囙喁佮喁嵿喁 喈む瘖喈熰喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦喈距 喈喈掂喁堗喈苦喁 喈夃喁嵿 喈喈曕喁 喈喈瘓喈喈 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕畷喁 喈曕疅喁嵿疅喈苦疅喈喈曕瘉喈瘝.

喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕畷喁 喈曕喁嵿喁傕喈苦喈苦喁 喈呧畽喁嵿畷喁佮喈距喁嵿喈`喁 喈瘒喈班喁堗畷喁 喈曕瘋喈熰瘝喈熰喁, 喈曕瘜喈班 喈喈班喈 喈ㄠ瘈喈む喈喈氞喁, 喈氞瘉喈曕喈む喈班喁, 喈曕喁嵿喈 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈掂喈掂畾喈距喈む瘝 喈む瘉喈编瘓喈曕喈苦喁 喈瘉喈┼瘝喈┼喈 喈ㄠ喈班瘉喈掂喈曕喈曕喈苦喁 喈畽喁嵿畷喁佮喈编瘝喈编喁佮疅喈┼瘝 喈呧喈 喈瘒喈む畷喁 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈喈┼瘝 喈嗋喁佮喈班瘝 喈ㄠ喈畷喈瘝 喈呧喈班瘝喈曕喈苦喁 喈む喁堗喁堗喈苦喁 喈ㄠ疅喁堗喁嗋喁嵿喈む瘉. 19 喈嗋喁 喈ㄠ瘋喈编瘝喈编喈`瘝喈熰喈┼瘝 喈喈编瘝喈畷喁佮喈苦喈苦喁 喈囙喁佮喁嵿喁, 喈ㄠ喁喈 喈夃喈班瘝 喈曕喁嵿喈苦畷喁嵿畷喈距 喈掄喁 喈夃喁嵿喁傕喁 喈ㄠ喈编瘉喈掂喈瘝 喈瘖喈む瘉喈掂喈 喈夃喈班瘝 喈曕喁嵿喈苦喁 喈掂喈權瘝喈曕瘉喈掂喈编瘝喈曕喈曕喁佮喁, 喈瘒喈侧瘉喈瘝 喈曕瘉喈编喈瘝喈喈 喈瘒喈侧喈苦畷 喈喁佮喁嵿喁佮 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗畷喈赤瘉喈曕瘝喈曕喈 喈呧疅喈苦喁嵿喈熰瘓 喈呧喈苦喈苦喈侧喈侧瘝 喈疅喁嵿疅喈む喈班喈曕喁佮畷喁嵿畷喁佮喁 喈喈苦喁嵿畾喈 喈呧喈苦喁嵿喈む喁嵿畷喈距畷喈掂瘉喈瘝, 喈曕喁堗畷喈赤瘝 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈┼喁嵿喈苦喁 喈む瘖喈脆喈侧瘝 喈掂喁嵿喁佮喈班瘝喈曕喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈嗋畾喈苦喈苦喈班瘝喈曕喁佮畷喁嵿畷喈距畷喈掂瘉喈瘝 喈む瘒喈掂瘓喈瘑喈 喈夃喁佮喈苦喈距畷 喈ㄠ喁嵿喈苦 喈む瘖喈侧瘓喈ㄠ瘚喈曕瘝喈曕瘉 喈氞喈ㄠ瘝喈む喁堗喈距喈班瘝喈曕喈苦喁 喈む瘖喈熰喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦喈距 喈氞瘑喈喁嵿喈距疅喁嵿疅喈苦喁 喈曕喈班喈喈曕喁佮喁 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 喈ㄠ喈编瘉喈掂喁嵿喈熰瘝喈熰喁. 喈曕喈距喈苦喈 喈氞. 喈熰喈苦喁嵿喁. 喈熰喈苦喁嵿喁. 喈曕喁嵿喈權瘝喈曕喈 喈瘚喈┼瘝喈, 喈む瘖喈侧瘓喈ㄠ瘚喈曕瘝喈曕瘉 喈曕喁嵿喈苦喈苦喈侧喈赤喁嵿畷喈赤瘝, 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁嵿喈苦喁 喈呧疅喁佮喁嵿喈熰瘉喈む瘝喈 喈瘒喈班喁堗畷喈赤喈侧瘝 喈喈苦喈距喁嵿喈苦喈班瘝.

喈曕疅喈ㄠ瘝喈 喈ㄠ瘋喈编瘝喈编喈`瘝喈熰喈侧瘝, 喈喈┼瘉喈熰喈苦喈侧瘝 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈氞喁傕畷 喈呧喈苦喈苦喈侧瘝, 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈囙喈编瘝喈曕瘓 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈夃喈苦喁 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈權瘝喈曕喁 喈嗋畷喈苦喈掂喁嵿喈苦喁嵿畷喁 喈呧喁嵿喁嵿喈`喈曕瘝喈曕喁嵿喈熰瘝喈 喈囙喈`瘝喈熰瘉 喈瘉喈曕瘝喈曕喈 喈瘈喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈 喈曕喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈瘈喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘝 喈瘉喈编瘓喈瘒 喈む瘉喈熰喈瘝喈喈 喈曕喁嵿喈氞瘝 喈氞瘋喈脆喈苦喁 喈喈班瘝喈ㄠ瘝喈む.

喈曕喁堗喁 喈瘈喈熰喁 (喈囙喁 1968 喈嗋喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 1975 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喁佮畷喈赤喈侧瘝 喈瘉喈编瘓喈瘒 喈氞疅喁嵿疅喈瘝 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈曕喁嵿喈 喈瘈喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈 喈曕喈赤瘓喈曕喁堗喁佮喁 喈夃喁佮喈距畷喁嵿畷喈苦喈む瘉) 喈む喁嵿喁嬥喁 11 喈む瘉喈编瘓喈曕喁, 3 喈呧喈曕瘉喈曕喁, 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈氞喁傕畷 喈曕瘖喈赤瘝喈曕瘓喈瘝 喈畷喁佮喁嵿喈距喁嵿喁 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈 喈瘓喈喁, 喈喁嵿喁佮畷喈瘝 喈喁嵿喈距疅喁嵿疅喈苦喁嵿畷喈距 喈瘓喈喁, 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈娻喈瘉喈编瘝喈编瘚喈班瘝 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈, 喈曕喁嵿喈, 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈喈苦喁嵿畾喈 喈瘓喈喁, 喈夃疅喁嵿喈 3 喈瘓喈畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘓喈曕瘝 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰喈班瘉喈曕瘝喈曕喈编喁. 喈囙喁 喈む喁嵿喁嬥喁 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕喁 喈疅喁嵿疅喈む瘝喈む喈侧瘝 573 喈曕喁嵿喈苦畾喈距喁 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗喁嗋喈苦畷喈赤瘓 喈掂喈權瘝喈曕瘉喈掂喁佮疅喈┼瘝, 喈瘖喈む瘝喈む喈距畷 2,458 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕喁 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁堗畷喁 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰喈班瘉喈曕瘝喈曕喈编喁, 喈呧喈班瘝喈曕喈苦喁 341 喈嗋喁嵿畷喈赤瘉喈瘝 (14%) 2,117 喈瘑喈`瘝喈曕喁佮喁 (86%) 喈夃喁嵿喈┼喁. 喈む喁嵿喁嬥喁 喈ㄠ喈┼瘝喈曕瘉 喈掂喁佮疅 喈曕瘜喈班 喈疅喁嵿疅喈む瘝喈む喈编瘝喈曕喈 喈氞瘒喈班瘝喈む瘝喈む瘉喈曕瘝 喈曕瘖喈赤瘝喈赤喁嵿喈熰瘉喈曕喈┼瘝喈 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁 喈庎喁嵿喈苦畷喁嵿畷喁 1,143 喈嗋畷 喈夃喁嵿喈む瘉.

喈瘈喈熰喁 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈氞瘑喈喁嗋喁嵿喁堗畷喈赤瘓 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕喁 喈曕喁嵿喈苦畷喁嵿畷喁佮喁 喈呧喁嵿喈距喁 喈喈┼瘉喈熰喈苦喈侧瘝 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈氞喁傕畷 喈呧喈苦喈苦喈侧喈侧瘝 喈瘉喈む瘉喈曕喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦畷喈赤瘓 喈夃喁嵿喈熰畷喁嵿畷喁佮喈む喁嵿畷喈距畷 喈呧喈苦畷喈班喈む瘝喈む瘉 喈掂喈班喈掂喈曕瘝喈曕喈喁. 喈囙喁 喈む瘖喈熰喁嵿喈距畷 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈掄疅喁嵿疅喁佮喁娻喁嵿 喈曕瘉喈编喈曕瘝喈曕瘚喈赤瘝, 喈夃喁嵿喁傕喁 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁佮畷喁嵿畷喁 喈ㄠ喈熰瘝喈熰喈编瘝喈曕瘉喈赤瘝 喈夃喈班瘝喈ㄠ瘝喈 喈む喈喈 喈疅喁嵿疅喈瘝喈喈┼瘝 喈疅喁嵿疅喈む瘝喈む喈┼瘓 喈瘑喈编瘝喈编瘉喈曕瘝 喈曕瘖喈赤瘝喈掂喈编瘝喈曕喈 喈掂喈瘝喈瘝喈瘉喈曕瘝喈曕喁 喈掂喈權瘝喈曕瘉喈掂喈距畷喁佮喁, 喈呧喁嵿喁佮疅喈┼瘝, 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈喈侧瘝 喈掂瘒喈侧瘓喈掂喈瘝喈瘉喈む瘝喈む喈编喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈掄疅喁嵿疅喁佮喁娻喁嵿 喈む瘒喈氞喈 喈掂喈班瘝喈氞瘝喈氞喈曕瘝喈曕瘉 喈畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈瘝喈瘉喈氞瘝 喈氞瘑喈瘝喈畷喁嵿畷喁傕疅喈苦 喈掂喈喈 喈氞喁傕畷 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈┼喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈喈┼瘉喈熰喈苦喈侧喈侧瘝 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦畷喁 喈曕喈距畾喁嵿畾喈距喈む瘝喈む瘓 喈掂喈班瘝喈瘝喈喁佮喁 喈嗋畷喁佮喁. 喈瘈喈熰喁嵿喈苦喁 喈疅喁嵿疅喈瘝喈喈┼瘝 喈曕喁嵿畷喁 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁 喈氞喈む瘝喈む瘖喈曕瘓 喈庎喁嵿喈苦畷喁嵿畷喁 喈曕喈熰瘝喈熰喁嵿喈熰瘝喈 1,200 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁堗畷喁 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰喈班瘉喈瘝喈喁佮疅喈┼瘝, 喈呧喈班瘝喈曕喈苦喁 喈氞喈侧喁 喈瘉喈む瘉喈曕喁 喈喈` 喈呧喁嵿喈む瘉 喈曕喈距喈苦喈 喈疅喁嵿疅喈權瘝喈曕喁佮畷喁嵿畷喈距畷 喈曕喁嵿畷喈苦喁嵿喈距喁嵿畷喈赤瘝. 喈瘜喈む瘝喈 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗畷喈赤瘝, 喈畷喁嵿畷喈赤瘝喈む瘖喈曕瘓喈瘝 喈瘉喈赤瘝喈赤喈掂喈喈掂喈喁, 喈瘖喈班瘉喈赤喈喁, 喈嗋畽喁嵿畷喈苦 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗畷喈赤瘝, 喈氞喁嵿喈む瘒喈 喈夃喈掂瘉喈曕喁, 喈氞喈權瘝喈曕喈瘝, 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈氞喁傕畷喈掂喈喁 喈嗋畷喈苦 喈む瘉喈编瘓喈曕喈苦喁 喈喁嵿喈苦喈`瘝喈熰瘉 喈瘉喈む瘉喈曕喁 喈喈` (1- 喈嗋喁嵿疅喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 2- 喈嗋喁嵿疅喁佮畷喈赤瘝 喈囙喈`瘝喈熰瘉喈喈) 喈ㄠ喈曕喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦喁嵿喈苦疅喁嵿疅喈權瘝喈曕喁 喈掂喈權瘝喈曕瘉喈曕喈┼瘝喈编喁. 喈瘈喈熰喁 6 喈疅喁嵿疅喈瘝喈喈┼瘝 喈熰喈瘝喈瘉喈赤瘚喈 喈ㄠ喈曕喈氞瘝喈氞喈む瘝喈む喈熰瘝喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘓喈瘉喈瘝, 喈呧喁嵿喁佮疅喈┼瘝 喈喈ㄠ瘝喈 喈氞喁傕畷喈む瘝喈む瘓 喈囙喈曕瘝喈曕瘉 喈掂瘓喈む瘝喈む瘉 喈喁嵿喁囙喁 喈氞喈┼瘝喈编喈む喁 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗喁嗋喈苦畷喈赤瘓喈瘉喈瘝 喈曕瘋喈 喈掂喈權瘝喈曕瘉喈曕喈┼瘝喈编喁.

喈掂瘑喈赤喈ㄠ喈熰瘝喈熰瘉 喈囙喁堗喁嵿喁佮畷喁嵿畷喈赤瘝 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦喁 喈む喈熰瘝喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘝

喈曕喁嵿喈苦喈苦喁 喈瘋喈曕瘚喈 喈班瘈喈む喈喈 喈瘒喈瘝喈喈熰瘉喈曕喁 喈呧畽喁嵿畷喁喈曕喈苦喁嵿喁, 喈曕喁堗喁 喈瘈喈熰喁, 喈瘉喈曕喁嵿喁嗋喁嵿 喈氞喁嵿喈む瘒喈 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘉喈熰喁 喈喁嵿喁囙喁 喈む瘖喈熰喁嵿喁佮畷喈赤瘓喈曕瘝 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰瘉喈赤瘝喈赤喁, 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈曕瘈喈脆瘝 喈瘈喈 喈嗋畾喈苦喈苦喈班瘝喈曕喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁 喈喈苦喈距喁嵿 喈曕瘋喈熰瘝喈熰瘉喈脆瘓喈瘝喈瘉 喈ㄠ喈曕喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦喁嵿喈苦疅喁嵿疅喈權瘝喈曕喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈囙喁堗喁嵿 喈喈ㄠ喈熰瘉喈曕喁 喈囙疅喈瘝喈瘑喈编瘉喈曕喈┼瘝喈编. 喈氞瘈喈┼喈掂喈┼瘝 喈掂喈班瘝喈ㄠ瘝喈む瘉 喈掂喁佮喁 喈夃喈曕喈距喈苦 喈瘉喈曕瘝喈曕喈喁嵿喁佮喈む瘝喈む瘓喈瘉喈瘝 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈瘉喈熰喈距 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈掂喈侧喈编瘝喈编瘉 喈囙喁堗喁嵿喁佮畷喈赤瘓喈瘉喈瘝 喈呧畽喁嵿畷喁喈曕喈苦畷喁嵿畷喁 喈瘉喈曕喈距畷, 喈氞瘈喈 喈嗋喁嵿喁佮畷喈赤喈侧瘝 (喈瘖喈脆喈む瘝喈む喈编喁 喈夃疅喁嵿喈) 2016 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喈苦喁 喈ㄠ喈编瘉喈掂喁嵿喈熰瘝喈 喈曕喁嵿喁傕畾喈苦喈膏瘝 喈ㄠ喈编瘉喈掂喈む瘝喈む喈┼瘝 喈娻疅喈距畷 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈 喈疅喁嵿疅喈む瘝喈む喈侧喈 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗喁嗋喈苦畷喈赤瘓 喈掂喈權瘝喈曕瘉喈曕喈┼瘝喈编喁. 喈呧喁 喈氞瘋喈班喈氞瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 (喈氞瘉喈掂喈熰瘝喈氞喁嵿喈距喁嵿喁); 喈熰喈班瘑喈膏瘝喈熰喁 喈む瘖喈脆喈侧瘝喈ㄠ瘉喈熰瘝喈喁 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁, 喈溹喁嵿疅喈膏瘝 喈侧瘈喈喈曕瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈灌瘓喈熰瘑喈侧瘝喈瘑喈班瘝喈曕瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 (喈溹瘑喈班瘝喈喈); 喈侧瘉喈瘝喈喈溹喈┼ 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈瘝 (喈膏瘝喈侧瘚喈掂瘒喈┼喈); 喈夃喁嵿畾喈距喈 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 (喈氞瘉喈掂瘈喈熰喁); 喈掂喈班瘝喈氞瘚 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈瘝 (喈瘚喈侧喁嵿喁); 喈曕瘉喈喈┼瘝喈膏瘝喈侧喈ㄠ瘝喈む瘉 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 (喈呧喁佮喁嵿喈苦喁囙喈苦喈); 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈瘑喈瘝喈溹喈權瘝 喈掂瘑喈赤喈ㄠ喈熰瘝喈熰瘉 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗畷喈赤瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 (喈氞瘈喈┼) 喈嗋畷喈苦喈 喈夃疅喁嵿喈, 喈掂瘑喈赤喈ㄠ喈熰瘝喈熰瘉喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘉喈熰喁 喈喁嵿喁囙喁 喈瘉喈班喈ㄠ瘝喈む瘉喈`喁嵿喁 喈掄喁嵿喈ㄠ瘝喈む畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘓喈瘉喈瘝 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰喈班瘉喈曕瘝喈曕喈┼瘝喈编喁.

喈掄喁 喈氞喁嵿喈む瘒喈 喈疅喁嵿疅喈む瘝喈む喈侧喈 喈曕瘋喈熰瘝喈熰瘉喈脆瘓喈瘝喈瘉 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦喁 喈む喈熰瘝喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈侧瘝 喈堗疅喁佮喈熰瘉喈掂喁 喈嗋畾喈苦喈苦喈瘝 喈瘉喈侧喁堗喈距喈班瘝喈曕喁佮畷喁嵿畷喁 喈瘉喈┼瘝喈┼瘉喈班喈瘓喈喈 喈掄喁嵿喈距畷 喈囙喁佮畷喁嵿畷喈苦喈む瘉. 喈囙喁 喈愢喁嬥喁嵿喈苦 喈掄喁嵿喈苦 喈庎喈距喈膏瘝 + 喈ㄠ喈む喈喈熰喁 喈瘚喈┼瘝喈 喈喈苦喁嵿喁佮喈苦畷喁嵿畷 喈喈┼喈畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘓 喈夃喁嵿喈熰畷喁嵿畷喈 喈囙喁佮畷喁嵿畷喈苦喁嵿 喈呧喁囙喁囙喁, 喈呧喁 喈熰喁嵿喈距喁, 喈灌疅喈班瘝喈膏瘝喈冟喁喈侧瘝喈熰瘝, 喈氞瘑喈┼瘝喈班喁 喈侧喈┼瘝喈曕喈粪喈班瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘝 (喈愢畷喁嵿畷喈苦 喈囙喈距畾喁嵿畾喈苦喈瘝); 喈侧瘖喈氞瘒喈┼瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 (喈氞瘉喈掂喈熰瘝喈氞喁嵿喈距喁嵿喁); 喈氞瘋喈班喈氞瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁 (喈氞瘉喈掂喈熰瘝喈氞喁嵿喈距喁嵿喁); 喈侧喁嵿疅喁 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈瘝, 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈夃喁嵿畾喈距喈 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈瘝 (喈氞瘉喈掂瘈喈熰喁) 喈瘚喈┼瘝喈 喈喁嵿喁囙喁 喈掂瘑喈赤喈ㄠ喈熰瘝喈熰瘉喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈侧瘝 喈呧喁堗喁嵿喁 喈夃喁嵿喈.

鈥嬧赌喈む瘒喈氞喈 喈呧喈苦喈苦喁佮喁嵿喈苦畷喁嵿畷喈距 喈畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈瘝喈瘉喈曕瘝喈曕喁

喈瘈喈熰喁 喈庎喁嵿喈苦喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈 喈掂喈苦畷喈赤喈侧瘝 喈む瘒喈氞喈 喈呧喈苦喈苦喁佮喁嵿喈苦畷喁嵿畷喁佮喁 喈畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈瘝喈瘉喈氞瘝 喈氞瘑喈瘝喈む瘉 喈夃喁嵿喈む瘉. 喈む喈苦喁嵿喈熰瘝喈 喈瘉喈侧喁堗喈距喈班瘝喈曕喁, 喈呧喁嵿喁佮疅喈┼瘝 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗畷喈赤瘝 喈む瘉喈编瘓喈曕喁, 喈呧喈 喈曕喁佮 喈瘖喈脆喈曕喁 喈む喈`瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈瘝, 喈喁嵿喈距疅喁嵿疅喁 喈呧喁佮喈侧瘝喈曕喁 喈む喈`瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈瘝, 喈氞喈權瘝喈曕 喈呧畷喈班喈む 喈呧喁佮喈侧畷喈瘝, 喈喁嵿喈距疅喁嵿疅喁 喈呧喁佮喈侧瘝喈曕喁 喈呧喁堗畾喁嵿畾喁, 喈曕喈脆畷喁嵿畷喈む瘝喈む喈 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗畷喈赤瘝 喈氞畽喁嵿畷喈瘝 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈喁喈熰瘝喈氞瘓喈む瘝 喈む喈`瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈瘝 喈夃疅喁嵿喈 喈喁嵿喁囙喁 喈呧喈氞喈權瘝喈 喈む喈`瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈權瘝喈曕喁佮畷喁嵿畷喁 喈む喈む瘉 喈ㄠ喈瘉喈`喁嵿喁佮喈む瘝喈む瘓 喈掂喈權瘝喈曕瘉喈曕喈┼瘝喈编.

喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈 喈曕喁嵿喁傕喈 喈む喈喈曕瘝喈曕喁嵿喈熰瘝喈熰喁佮疅喈┼瘝, 喈囙畽喁嵿畷喈苦喈距喁嵿喁佮喁 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁嵿喈苦喁 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈喁喈熰瘝喈氞瘓喈曕喁 (喈囙疅喁堗喈苦喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈囙喁佮喈苦喁 喈喁喈熰瘝喈氞瘓) 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈む瘋喈 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈┼喁嵿喈苦喁 喈瘉喈む喈距喁- 喈嗋喁嵿疅喁 喈喁佮喁嵿喁佮喈瘝 喈喁喈熰瘝喈氞瘓 喈嗋畷喈苦喈掂喁嵿喈苦喁嵿畷喁 喈囙疅喁嵿疅喁佮畾喁 喈氞瘑喈侧瘝喈侧瘉喈瘝 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗喁嗋喈苦畷喈赤瘓 喈掂喈權瘝喈曕瘉喈瘝 喈ㄠ瘚喈曕瘝喈曕喈侧瘝 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈瘈喈熰喁 喈む瘖喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈瘝喈疅喁嵿疅喈む瘉. 喈呧喁嵿喁嬥喁 喈瘜喈む喈曕喈苦喈侧瘝 喈瘒喈班喈氞喈班喈喈距畷 喈囙喁佮喁嵿, 喈瘒喈班喈氞喈班喈喁 喈. 喈熰喈苦喁嵿喁. 喈喈苦喁嵿喈距畷喈┼喁, 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈瘉喈む喁 喈瘈喈熰喈む喈喈 喈嗋喈距喁, 喈瘒喈侧瘉喈瘝 喈掂畷喁佮喁嵿喁佮畷喈赤瘝 喈呧喈氞喈權瘝喈 喈む瘖喈脆喈侧瘝喈ㄠ瘉喈熰瘝喈喁 喈喈熰畾喈距喁堗畷喈赤瘝 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈曕喁嵿喁傕喈 喈喈赤喈曕瘓喈喈侧瘝 喈ㄠ疅喈距喁嵿喈瘝喈疅喁嵿疅喈. 1936 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喈赤喈苦喁 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈喈`喈班瘝 喈夃喁嵿喁嗋疅喁佮喁嵿喁 560 喈曕瘝喈曕瘉喈瘝 喈呧喈苦畷喈喈 喈囙喁佮喁嵿喈む瘉.

喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁嵿喈苦喁 喈掄喁 喈畷喁佮喈 1949 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喈苦喁 喈瘒喈班喈む喁堗畷喁 喈喈编瘝喈编喁嵿疅喁嵿疅 喈瘚喈む喈侧瘉喈瘝, 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈瘈喈熰喁 喈曕瘖喈脆瘉喈瘝喈喈侧瘝 喈囙喁佮喁嵿喈む瘉. 喈呧喁 1967 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喈苦喁 喈曕喈苦喈 喈ㄠ喈班喈距畷喁嵿畷喈む瘝喈む喈侧瘝 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈瘉喈む喁 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗喁嗋喈 喈夃疅喁嵿喈 喈 喈瘉喈む瘉喈瘓喈喈 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗喁嗋喈苦畷喈赤瘓 喈呧喈苦喁佮畷喈瘝 喈氞瘑喈瘝喈む喈班瘉喈ㄠ瘝喈む喁. 喈呧喁 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈喈┼瘝喈┼喁 1968 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喈苦喁 喈掄喁 喈瘉喈赤瘝喈赤喈掂喈喈掂喈喁 喈呧喈曕喈┼瘓 喈ㄠ喈编瘉喈掂, 1980 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喈苦喁 喈掄喁 喈曕喈苦喈 喈瘓喈喁嵿喁堗喁 喈む瘖喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈苦喈む瘉, 喈呧喁 喈囙喁佮喈苦喈苦喁 2002 喈嗋喁 喈嗋喁嵿疅喈苦喁 喈曕瘖喈脆瘉喈瘝喈瘉喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁嵿喈苦喁 喈曕喈苦喈 喈曕喁嵿喈苦畷喁嵿畷喁傕疅喈瘝 喈夃喁佮喈距畷喁佮喈む喁嵿畷喁 喈掂喈苦喈曕瘉喈む瘝喈む喁.

喈曕瘖喈脆瘉喈瘝喈瘉喈瘝 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈曕喁嵿喈苦喁 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈瘈喈熰喁 喈囙喁嵿喁 喈ㄠ喈熰瘝喈熰喈侧瘝 喈喈曕喁佮喁 喈掂喈班瘉喈瘝喈喁嵿喈熰瘉喈瘝 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈瘈喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈侧瘝 喈掄喁嵿喈距畷喁佮喁, 喈呧喁 7 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗畷喈赤瘝 喈む瘉喈编瘓喈曕喁佮疅喈┼瘝 650 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁堗喁 喈む喈`瘝喈熰喈 喈掂喁佮疅喈距喁嵿 喈喈`喈班瘝 喈夃喁嵿喁嗋疅喁佮喁嵿喈苦喁堗畷喁 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰瘉喈赤瘝喈赤喁. 喈呧喁 喈囙喁嵿喁堗 喈氞瘋喈脆喁堗喈苦喁嵿畷喁佮喁 喈瘖喈班瘉喈む瘝喈む喈距 喈喈ㄠ瘝喈 喈掂瘈喈氞瘝喈氞喈侧喈 喈喈熰畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘉喈熰喁 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈喈` 喈疅喁嵿疅喈む瘝喈む喈┼瘓 喈掂喈權瘝喈曕瘉喈曕喈┼瘝喈编喁, 喈呧喈苦喁 75% 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁 喈掄喁嵿喈苦喁 喈掄喁 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈 喈呧喁嵿喈む瘉 喈む瘖喈脆喈编瘝喈编瘉喈编瘓喈瘓 喈瘓喈喈距畷喈曕瘝 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈 4- 喈嗋喁嵿疅喁佮畷喈赤瘝 喈氞喈编喁嵿喁 喈疅喁嵿疅 喈ㄠ喈曕喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦喁嵿喈苦疅喁嵿疅喈む瘝喈む喈侧瘝 喈喈苦喁嵿畷喈苦喁嵿喈┼喁. 喈呧喁 400 喈编瘝喈曕瘉喈瘝 喈瘒喈编瘝喈疅喁嵿疅 喈瘉喈む瘉喈曕喁 喈喈`喈班瘝喈曕喁堗喁佮喁 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰瘉喈赤瘝喈赤喁, 喈呧喈班瘝喈曕喁 喈む喁嵿喁嬥喁 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈喁嵿喁囙喁 喈瘉喈む瘉喈曕喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈曕喈距喈苦喈苦喁 喈疅喁嵿疅 喈ㄠ喈曕喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦喁嵿喈苦疅喁嵿疅喈權瘝喈曕喈苦喁 喈氞瘒喈班瘝喈ㄠ瘝喈む瘉喈赤瘝喈赤喈班瘝. 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈呧喁堗喁嵿喁 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗喁 喈む瘉喈编瘓喈曕喁佮喁 喈瘉喈曕喁嵿喁嗋喁嵿 喈喁嵿畷喈侧瘓喈曕瘝喈曕喈權瘝喈曕喁佮疅喈┼瘚 喈呧喁嵿喈む瘉 喈掂瘑喈赤喈ㄠ喈熰瘝喈熰瘉喈曕喈苦喁 喈夃喁嵿 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈 喈ㄠ喈编瘉喈掂喈權瘝喈曕喁佮疅喈┼瘚 喈掂喁佮喈距 喈氞喁嵿喈む瘒喈 喈囙喁堗喁嵿喁堗畷喁 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰瘉喈赤瘝喈赤, 喈瘒喈侧瘉喈瘝 喈呧喈┼瘝 喈 喈曕喁嵿畷喁堗喁 喈む瘉喈编瘓喈曕喁 喈ㄠ瘑喈班瘉喈曕瘝喈曕喈距 喈む瘖喈脆喈编瘝喈编瘉喈编瘓 喈曕瘋喈熰瘝喈熰喈`瘝喈瘓喈曕喁堗畷喁 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰瘉喈赤瘝喈赤.

喈呧喈苦喈苦喈侧瘝, 喈む瘖喈脆喈侧瘝喈ㄠ瘉喈熰瘝喈喈苦喈侧瘝 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈瘉喈む瘝喈む喈曕瘝喈曕畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈侧瘝, 喈庎喁嵿 喈む瘖喈脆喈侧瘝喈ㄠ瘉喈熰瘝喈喈苦喈侧瘝, 喈瘜喈む喈曕喈苦喈侧瘝 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈夃喈苦喈苦喈侧瘝 喈夃喈曕畽喁嵿畷喈赤喈侧瘝 喈む瘉喈班喈む喈距喈む瘖喈班瘉 喈掄喁佮畽喁嵿畷喈苦喁堗喁嵿喁 喈囙疅喈瘝喈瘑喈编瘉喈曕喈┼瘝喈, 喈囙喁嵿喁堗 喈瘉喈┼瘝喈┼瘒喈编瘝喈编畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘓喈曕瘝 喈曕喁佮喁嵿喈苦喁 喈曕瘖喈`瘝喈熰瘉, 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈瘈喈熰喁 喈夃喈苦喁嵿喁 喈む瘖喈脆喈侧瘝喈ㄠ瘉喈熰瘝喈喈苦喈侧瘝, 喈氞瘉喈编瘝喈编喈熰喁 喈呧喈苦喈苦喈侧瘝, 喈ㄠ喁 喈む瘖喈脆喈侧瘝喈ㄠ瘉喈熰瘝喈喈苦喈侧瘝, 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈夃喈班瘝 喈氞瘑喈喁嵿喈苦喈┼瘝 喈曕喈苦喈苦喈苦喈侧瘝 喈嗋畷喈苦 喈む瘉喈编瘓喈曕喈苦喁 喈囙疅喁堗喈苦喁 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈苦畷喁嵿畷喁 喈む瘈喈掂喈班喈距畷 喈掂畾喈む喈喈苦喁嵿喁佮喁嵿喈む瘉; 喈瘒喈侧瘉喈瘝 喈ㄠ喈编瘉喈掂喈む瘝喈む喈┼瘝 喈夃喈曕喈距喈苦 喈囙喁佮喁嵿喈苦喁 喈瘒喈侧瘉喈瘝 喈瘒喈瘝喈疅喁佮喁嵿 喈呧喈苦喈掂瘈喈 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈 喈掂畾喈む喈曕喁 喈掂喈權瘝喈 喈瘉喈喁嵿畷喈苦喈む瘉.

喈瘈喈熰喁嵿喈苦喁 喈喈┼瘝喈掂喁佮喁 喈瘓喈畽喁嵿畷喈赤瘝 喈囙喁嵿喈曕瘝 喈曕瘋喈熰瘝喈熰喈`瘓喈瘝喈喈┼瘝 喈掄喁 喈畷喁佮喈苦喈距畷喁佮喁: 喈畷喁佮喁嵿喈距喁嵿喁 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈呧喈苦喈苦喁佮喁嵿喈 喈ㄠ喈侧瘓喈喁, 喈瘒喈瘝喈疅喁嵿疅 喈む喈班喈苦喈權瘝喈曕喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈氞喈む喈權瘝喈曕喁, 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈呧喈苦喈苦喁佮喁嵿喈苦畷喁嵿畷喈距 喈ㄠ喈侧瘓喈喁, 喈曕喈苦 喈喈む喈班喈瘉喈班瘉喈掂喁堗喁嵿喈苦喁嵿畷喈距 喈ㄠ喈侧瘓喈喁, 喈曕喁佮喈苦喈喈距畷喁嵿畷喈侧瘝 喈瘒喈瘝喈喈熰瘉 喈ㄠ喈侧瘓喈喁, 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈む喈掂瘉 喈呧喈苦喈苦喈侧瘉喈曕瘝喈曕喈 喈ㄠ喈侧瘓喈喁. 喈嗋喈距喁嵿畾喁嵿畾喈, 喈瘒喈瘝喈喈熰瘉, 喈瘉喈む瘝喈む喈曕瘝喈曕喁, 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈氞瘒喈掂瘓喈曕喁, 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈呧喈苦喁 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈む瘖喈脆喈侧瘝喈ㄠ瘉喈熰瘝喈 喈喈苦喈距喁嵿喈む瘝喈む喈┼瘝 喈娻疅喈距畷 喈囙喈權瘝喈曕瘓喈喈侧瘝 喈夃喁嵿喈む瘝喈む 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈氞瘒喈掂瘓喈む瘝 喈む瘖喈脆喈编瘝喈编瘉喈编瘓喈曕喁, 喈呧喁嵿喁佮疅喈┼瘝, 喈掂喈掂畾喈距喈む瘝喈む瘓喈瘉喈瘝 喈娻畷喁嵿畷喁佮喈苦喁嵿喁 喈氞瘒喈掂瘓喈喈编瘝喈编瘉喈掂喈┼瘝 喈瘋喈侧喁 喈む瘖喈脆喈编瘝喈编瘉喈编瘓 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈曕喁嵿喈苦喈距喈班瘝喈曕喁佮畷喁嵿畷喁 喈囙疅喁堗喈苦喈距 喈囙疅喁堗喁嗋喈苦喈苦喁 喈瘒喈侧瘉喈瘝 喈曕瘉喈编瘓喈瘝喈喈编瘝喈曕瘉 喈曕瘖喈脆瘉喈瘝喈瘉 喈掂喈炧瘝喈炧喈 喈喁嵿喁佮喁 喈む瘖喈脆喈侧瘝喈ㄠ瘉喈熰瘝喈喈苦喈侧瘝 喈夃喈掂瘉喈曕喈编喁.

ADDRESSED BY

His Excellency Gotabaya Rajapaksa
Executive President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

Honourable Mahinda Rajapaksa
Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

gl-peiri

Professor G L Peiris
Honourable Minister of Education

Ms. Hanaa Singer-Hamdy
UN Resident Coordinator

Mr. Kris Canekeratne
Chairman & CEO, Virtusa Corporation